What is Melasma? Causes, Triggers, and How to Manage It
29 September 2025
Melasma is a common skin condition that causes brown or gray-brown patches, typically on the face. It's often referred to as the "mask of pregnancy" because it frequently appears during pregnancy, though anyone can develop it.
If you’ve noticed patchy pigmentation on your cheeks, forehead, nose, or upper lip, it could be melasma. While it's not dangerous or contagious, it can be distressing, especially when it affects self-esteem. The good news? With the right care, it can be managed effectively.
What is Melasma?
Melasma is a type of hyperpigmentation, where certain areas of the skin become darker than the surrounding skin due to excess melanin (the pigment responsible for skin color). It commonly appears:
On the cheeks, forehead, chin, and nose
Occasionally on the forearms and neck
In symmetrical patterns
Melasma is more prevalent in women than men and is especially common in individuals with medium to dark skin tones (Fitzpatrick skin types III–V).
What Causes Melasma?
Melasma is multifactorial, meaning it can be triggered or worsened by several factors, including:
Sun Exposure
Ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulate melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), leading to excess pigment production. Even small amounts of sun exposure can trigger melasma or make it worse.
Hormonal Changes
Hormonal fluctuations are one of the most common triggers:
Pregnancy (also known as chloasma)
Birth control pills
Hormone replacement therapy
Genetics
If you have a family history of melasma, you're more likely to develop it.
Skin Care Products or Irritation
Some skincare products can irritate the skin and make melasma worse, especially if they cause inflammation or increase sun sensitivity.
Heat and Light
Not just UV light—heat and visible light (from screens or indoor lighting) can also aggravate melasma.
The Dos and Don’ts of Managing Melasma
If you’re dealing with melasma, here are practical steps to help improve your skin and prevent further pigmentation.
DOs
Wear Tinted mineral Sunscreen
Use broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher
Choose mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide
Reapply every 2 hours, especially outdoors
Use Gentle Skincare
Stick to fragrance-free, non-irritating products
Look for ingredients like niacinamide, azelaic acid, tranexamic acid, and vitamin C to help reduce pigmentation
Consider Professional Treatments
Chemical peels, microneedling, laser treatments, and topical prescription creams (like hydroquinone or tretinoin) can help—under medical supervision
Stay Cool
Try to avoid heat exposure (hot yoga, steam rooms, etc.)
Heat can trigger pigment production even without sun
Consult a Dermatologist
Especially for persistent or severe cases, or if you’re unsure if it’s melasma or something else
DON’Ts
Don’t Skip Sun Protection
Even on cloudy days or when indoors, UV and visible light can worsen melasma.
Don’t Use Harsh Exfoliants
Aggressive scrubs and peels can irritate the skin and increase pigmentation.
Don’t Rely on One Product
Melasma typically requires a combination of treatments and consistent habits to improve.
Don’t Expect Overnight Results
Improving melasma takes patience and persistence—expect gradual improvement over weeks to months.
Don’t Self-Treat Without Research
Some "brightening" or "lightening" products, especially unregulated ones, may contain mercury or steroids, which can harm your skin long-term.
Final Thoughts
Melasma can be a frustrating condition, but it's treatable and manageable with the right approach. The key is consistency, sun protection, and gentle care. While there's no permanent cure, many people find significant improvement with a personalized skincare routine and professional guidance.